Is Otolaryngology A Important Career - 1403 Words

Alexa Garza English 9.5 Career Research This research paper is going to be talking about a really important career which is Otolaryngology. This job is really important to know about because many people suffer from the problems that this one studies or works for and the experts may help a lot. What I mean with â€Å"problems† is like the ear, nose, and throat issues that people my present. In this research paper of my chosen career will be talking more detailed about the job, its educational requirements, the salaries, and showing some graphs, charts and citations. Maybe some of the information that is going to be given will be good for your knowledge and is really interesting to know. Garza, 1 Alexa Garza Mrs. Sanchez†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The nice thing about otolaryngology is that it’s nice balance between helping patients in the office without needing o do surgery and fixing them† (Dr. Malis , page 1) As this doctor said, he doesn’t have to do surgeries if needed, he would do anything for his patients except hurt them or do something inappropriate. (floridatoday.com , pages 1-2) Garza, 2 Most ENT surgeons work in private practice but also in academic settings. They treat problems of upper pharynx, larynx, oral cavity, head and neck structures besides the ENT region. They examine some affected organs with some special equipment such as x-ray machines, microscopes, prisms, fluoroscopes and audiometers. (greatsampleresume.com , page 2) Otolaryngologists work for a long period of time and really hard. Most of them have critical thinking, and solving skills, they are able to work well under stressful conditions and have also a huge strong moral philosophy. (greatsampleresume.com ,page 3) â€Å"I think just in is you assume they have got good technical skills, but really it is judgment. That’s something that often times folks don’t appreciate† ( Dr. Malis , page 2) Doctor Malis is haring with us his experiences as a ENT doctor. (floridatoday.com , page 2) Garza, 3 Part II: Education To be an otolaryngologist you have to experience really difficult things but they are worth in many ways, you can have a better

Hypertension High Blood Pressure - 1881 Words

Hypertension is commonly known as high blood pressure. What does it mean to have high blood pressure? Blood pressure can be defined as the amount of blood the heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries. It is when the systolic reading is greater than 140 and the diastolic is greater than 90. Systolic is blood pressure when the heart contracts while diastolic is the time when the heart is relaxed. Primary care physicians are accustomed to seeing cases of hypertension. However this common diagnosis can lead to more serious illnesses such as chronic kidney disease, stroke, heart attack, aneurysm, peripheral artery disease, and even death (Tipton Sullivan, 2014). Hypertension usually occurs with no symptoms however its effects are seen in other serious diseases as mention previously. One way of knowing whether a patient is suffering from high blood pressure is to have their blood pressure checked. Most severe cases of hypertension can cause symptoms of severe headache, nausea or vomiting, confusion, vision changes, and nosebleeds. There are many reasons why a patient may have high blood pressure. Eating a diet containing high levels of sodium is one cause. Others include drinking too much alcohol, smoking, obesity, and if a person is more stressed or anxious. Medical history also plays a significant role in whether a person will suffer from hypertension. Histories of diabetes or family history of high blood pressure are risk factors. CertainShow MoreRelatedHypertension And High Blood Pressure1703 Words   |  7 PagesHypertension Hypertension is referred to as high blood pressure. Hypertension is frequently asymptomatic in the early stages, and the initial signs are often vague and nonspecific. They include fatigue, malaise, and sometimes morning headache. Consistently elevated blood pressure under various conditions is the key sign of hypertension. Because of the insidious onset and mild signs, hypertension is often undiagnosed until complications arise and has been called the â€Å"silent killer.† The complicationsRead MoreHypertension : High Blood Pressure1124 Words   |  5 Pages Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) is a sickness that a great many individuals of different varieties are influenced by. In spite of the fact that stress and emotional pressure can incidentally expand pulse; however it would not be considered as hypertension. Hypertension normally is there with no manifestations. It may happen and stay inconspicuous for a long time. Individuals, until told by a therapeutic doct or by large disregard hypertension. Individuals are not mindful of how hypertensionRead MoreHypertension : High Blood Pressure Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pages Many of my clients with high blood pressure take premium Omega-3 oils, and have reported benefits such as decrease in spikes, normalized pressure readings and other cardiovascular beneficial effects. Hypertension is High Blood Pressure, and blood pressure is defined as: (from Wikipedia) ... the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves through arteries, arteriolesRead MoreHypertension : High Blood Pressure1938 Words   |  8 Pages HYPERTENSION Summer 2015 Bhavneet K. Singh High blood pressure Definition: The heart is supplies the organs and tissues of the body with blood and nutrients it carries. It pumps blood into the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The blood that is pumped into these vessels puts pressure on the walls of the vessels. When the heart muscle contracts during each beat, the pressure rises as well. Blood pressure may be different at different times of the day. It is usually higher when someoneRead MoreHypertension : High Blood Pressure1192 Words   |  5 PagesHypertension is unusually high blood pressure that affects nearly 600 million people around the world. So many people are affected because hypertension rarely shows any symptoms while damaging the eyes, brain, heart, and kidneys. There is no known cure for hypertension although it causes five million premature deaths per year. One of the most effective hypertension treatments is homeopathy, a branch of alternative medicine based on the idea that the body has the ability to heal itself. Ther e is evidenceRead MoreHypertension : High Blood Pressure1157 Words   |  5 PagesHypertension (high blood pressure) is a major health issue worldwide, in addition to the vast amounts of strokes, chronic kidney diseases (CDK), and heart failures. However, organized hypertension prevention and control interventions have demonstrated to decrease the detrimental outcomes. Additionally, the management of salt consumption also displays a decrease of blood pressure towards the population at risk. A global-base assessment of hypertension programs and salt consumptions was performedRead MoreHypertension : High Blood Pressure2401 Words   |  10 PagesBackground Introduction Hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure; a diet high in salt may predispose to hypertension. An increase in levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure has been associated with an increased risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebral vascular disease (stroke) and peripheral vascular disease. Within the western countries, those associated with a higher economic status, hypertension accounts for around 17% of deaths. A positive correlation between intakeRead MoreHypertension And High Blood Pressure1767 Words   |  8 PagesHypertension Hypertension (or high blood pressure) is a condition that increases the chance of developing heart disease, which is the number one leading cause of death in the United States. Hypertension affects approximately 75 million adults in America, which translates to 29% of the population.1 Hypertension is a chronic condition that results with lasting blood pressure readings of 140/90 and higher and affects the cardiovascular system in the human body. The cardiovascular system is comprisedRead MoreHypertension ( Htn ), Or High Blood Pressure1000 Words   |  4 PagesHypertension (HTN), or high blood pressure, is the leading cause of cardiovascular disorders and is one of the most common health issues among adults. It affects nearly 50 million people in the United States and over 1 billion around the world (Porth, 2015, p. 425). Blood pressure is defined as the force exerted on arterial walls as blood is pumped from the left ventricle of the heart. A certain amount of pressure is necessar y in order to perfuse blood throughout the whole body. Normal blood pressureRead MoreEffects Of Hypertension On High Blood Pressure999 Words   |  4 Pages1DEFINITION: Hypertension has been defined as systolic pressure 140mmhg and diastolic pressure 90mmhg based on the average of two or more correct blood pressure measurement taken during two or more contacts with a health care provider (Chobania et al,2003). 2.2.2 CLASSIFICATION: It has been classified by the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention ,Detection, Evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure(JNC, 2003) TYPE MEASUREMENT(mmHg) Normal 120/80 Pre-hypertension 120/80-139/89

Nursing and Health Sciences

Question: Discuss about the Nursing and Health Sciences. Answer: Introduction: The given case study is about Mr. John who has Downs syndrome and Type 2 diabetes. The patient also suffers from a chronic illness that is Diabetes Mellitus. Downs syndrome is a genetic disorder that results due to an error in the process of cell division, which is known as nondisjunction that leads to the formation of three copies of chromosome 21. The primary aim of treatment for individuals with Downs syndrome is based on the intellectual and physical needs together with personal strengths and limitations (Foley et al., 2014). This essay will analyze health challenges that the patient may face due to his health condition and disability. It will interpret the how the health challenges may affect the health and wellbeing of the patient. Using the ICF model, it will discuss patients social participation is restricted by cognitive impairment and type 2 diabetes. Finally the essay will explain the interventiosn that nurse take to improve diet and physical activity in patients and promo te positive health outcome in patient. According to Escorpizo et al. (2013), Downs syndrome is the most common genetic birth defect and results in mental retardation. It is a recognized fact that the individuals suffering from this syndrome posse an increased occurrence of autoimmune disorders that affects the endocrine as well as the non-endocrine organs (Foley et al., 2014). The cases of Downs syndrome are associated with diabetes mellitus. The individuals suffering from Downs syndrome have characteristic features and levels of intellectual disability. They face a number of challenges associated with health and development. The individuals suffering from Downs syndrome has impaired facial features like small ears, flat face, small mouth and slanting eyes. They have abnormal thinking pattern and memory. Their intelligence level is below average. The patient is having two chronic health issues; Downs syndrome and Diabetes mellitus. According to Rouquette et al. (2015) a number of individuals suffering from Downs syndrome experience lesser secretion of insulin, mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced oxidative stress in the beta cells of the pancreas that produces insulin. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, which is characterized by insulin resistance, elevated blood sugar levels together with the lack of insulin. The common symptoms include unexplained weight loss, frequent urination and increased thirst. The other symptoms may also comprise feeling of tiredness and increased hunger. The research literature evidently reports enhanced outcomes of health when diabetes mellitus is managed in the community via education supporting for and improving the behaviors of self-care (Gulanick Myers, 2013). Nonetheless, it is not easy to be successful when an individual has an intellectual disability. Not only the individuals attempted for readjusting to a new life living with a disability, but also approaching to the terms by means of learning new routines and skills for managing their chronic il lness (Escorpizo et al., 2013). The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a framework of World Health Organization (WHO), and measures health and disability at the individual as well as the population levels (Rouquette et al., 2015). It is designed for enabling the measurement as well as impact of the interaction of health as well as disability in an individual. Health practitioner measures interaction of health by analyzing disability functions like functional impairment, activity limitation and activity restriction. Mr. John is a patient with diabetes and he has increased risk of mobility disorder, limited ability to perform daily task and intellectual dysfunction. As Mr. John is also a patient with Downs syndrome and he may face health and development of challenges. Such patients require a lot of support and they may not be able to live an independent life. He may face delay in development and difficulties in learning. They lose the confidence to participate in social activi ties because of speech impairment and inability to speak clearly (Corry et al., 2013). Among all the factors, one factor has been reported as an environmental barrier which is social attitudes. As the Mr. John is living in a community, he may face challenges due to the attitude of other people who do not understand what it means to have Downs syndrome. People do not see them as individual but a person with Downs syndrome who has same complications. But, there is large variation in individuals with Downs syndrome and they may face their own unique disability, strength and weakness. These effects together with the symptoms of Downs syndrome signify that the potential activity of the patient is limited severely, denoting the participation of the patient in the activities that will directly as well as indirectly benefit the heath and well being of the patient in the given case scenario (Butcher et al., 2013). A nurse can utilize various strategies to assist John in managing diabetes. One strategy is proper physical activity and diet management plan for patients. According to Ley et al., (2014), evidence based clinical trials has highlighted the importance of nutrients and food modification on the prevention Type 2 Diabetes. It showed that observing the quality of food like amount of carbohydrate consumed is more important than the quantity of macronutrients. The nurse could adopt strategies to encourage John to diet rich foods like vegetable, legumes, and nuts and discourage him from eating refined grains, red or processed meats and sugar-sweetened beverages. Diet changes will help in reducing the risk of the disease and improve glucose level in Mr. John. It will also be important for nurse to teach her self-management intervention to control Mr. Johns diabetes. Self-management intervention is required for effective diet control and monitoring of blood glucose level. Nurse will play a rol e in educating Mr. John about how to maintain diabetes specific quality of life. Increasing physical activity has the greatest potential to improve metabolic control (Heinrich et al., 2015). Weigh loss intervention is also important for Mr. John as it will lead to improvement in glycaemic control, minimize risk factors for cardiovascular disease, quality of life and obesity related illness. The nurse can also utilize technologies like mobile phones, text messages, website and computer-based learning technology to educate and enhance physical activity learning in Mr. John. Reinforcement strategies like phone calls and email counseling is effective for behavioral change in Mr. John. They should educate the patient regarding self-management and should provide a structured education for type 2 diabetes (Pal et al., 2013). Regarding diet and lifestyle, they should tell the patient to consume a healthy diet and should perform physical exercises. A combination of aerobics and exercise may prove to be more efficient for managing the blood glucose levels in comparison to one type of exercise alone. Aerobic exercises improve the uptake of blood glucose levels by means of a greater action of insulin and are also independent of the alterations in aerobic capacity or mass of the muscles (Gregg et al., 2012). The care providers of the patient should be involved in providing education to the patient regarding the importance of physical activity and diet. In addition, the nurses must ensure that the care provider is informed properly since the self-management of the patient will be dependent on the awareness and knowledge of the caregiver regarding Downs syndrome associated with type 2 diabetes (Scheen, 2014). The patient in the given case scenario is vital for the accomplishment of this plan and therefore he must also be integrated. Gulanick Myers (2013), suggested relating the patient since they emphasize only individuals who are learned properly are best positioned for pa rticipating in the activities of self-care (Wu et al., 2013). Some other researchers recommended utilizing basic language to a suitable level. The tools such as visual aids can assist this procedure. For instance, making a diet plan, which comprises the figure of brain, pictures in which the individuals are eating healthy foods and performing exercises, a figure of a doctor and hospital may strengthen the association between the efficient interventions/strategies and Downs syndrome associated with diabetes (Steinsbekk et al., 2012). These interventions/strategies are predominantly important for the patient as his intellectual disability will affect his ability of understanding and retaining these details. A number other strategies can be put into practice for assisting the patient such as making a diet chart, maintain a food dairy, performing different new exercises effectively (Heinrich, Schaper de Vries, 2015). In the end, it can be concluded that it is apparent that considering the relation between intellectual disability and chronic illness is necessary for the nurses for informing their practice. The dilemma, which is faced, by the patient and his care provider in such an environment involves the balancing of needs for the promotion of involvement, but with the recognition of the patients activity restrictions currently that he exists with a chronic illness and a disability. It exerts an effect on the on the daily activities of the patient in the given case scenario. The analysis of case study highlighted that nurse should not also understand the interaction of other factors such as environmental and social barrier to judge the level of severity of disease. Understanding of the health challenges that can limit patients daily life activities will help in planning effective therapeutic intervention for patient with diabetes and cognitive impairment. References Butcher, H. K., Bulechek, G. M., Dochterman, J. M. M., Wagner, C. (2013).Nursing interventions classification (NIC). Elsevier Health Sciences. Connelly, J., Kirk, A., Masthoff, J., MacRury, S. (2013). The use of technology to promote physical activity in Type 2 diabetes management: a systematic review.Diabetic Medicine,30(12), 1420-1432. Corry, M., Clarke, M., While, A. E., Lalor, J. (2013). Developing complex interventions for nursing: a critical review of key guidelines.Journal of Clinical Nursing,22(17-18), 2366-2386. Escorpizo, R., Kostanjsek, N., Kennedy, C., Nicol, M. M. R., Stucki, G., stn, T. B. (2013). Harmonizing WHOs International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF): importance and methods to link disease and functioning.BMC public health,13(1), 1. Foley, K. R., Girdler, S., Downs, J., Jacoby, P., Bourke, J., Lennox, N., ... Leonard, H. (2014). Relationship between family quality of life and day occupations of young people with Down syndrome.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology,49(9), 1455-1465. Gregg, E. W., Chen, H., Wagenknecht, L. E., Clark, J. M., Delahanty, L. M., Bantle, J., ... Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (2012). Association of an intensive lifestyle intervention with remission of type 2 diabetes.Jama,308(23), 2489-2496. Gulanick, M., Myers, J. L. (2013).Nursing care plans: nursing diagnosis and intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Heinrich, E., Schaper, N. C., de Vries, N. K. (2015). Self-management interventions for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.European Diabetes Nursing. Heinrich, E., Schaper, N. C., de Vries, N. K. (2015). Self-management interventions for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.European Diabetes Nursing. Ley, S. H., Hamdy, O., Mohan, V., Hu, F. B. (2014). Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies.The Lancet,383(9933), 1999-2007. Look AHEAD Research Group. (2013). Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes.N engl J med,2013(369), 145-154. Pal, K., Eastwood, S. V., Michie, S., Farmer, A. J., Barnard, M. L., Peacock, R., ... Murray, E. (2013). Computerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based diabetes selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.The Cochrane Library. Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., Hall, A. (2016).Fundamentals of nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Rouquette, A., Badley, E. M., Falissard, B., Dub, T., Leplege, A., Coste, J. (2015). Moderators, mediators, and bidirectional relationships in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework: An empirical investigation using a longitudinal design and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).Social Science Medicine,135, 133-142. Scheen, A. J. (2014). Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.Acta Clinica Belgica. Steinsbekk, A., Rygg, L., Lisulo, M., Rise, M. B., Fretheim, A. (2012). Group based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review with meta-analysis.BMC health services research,12(1), 1. Wu, S. F. V., Huang, Y. C., Lee, M. C., Wang, T. J., Tung, H. H., Wu, M. P. (2013). Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ efficacy, selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ care behavior, anxiety, and depression in Taiwanese with type 2 diabetes: A crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sectional survey.Nursing health sciences,15(2), 213-219.

The Expulsion of the Acadians

Introduction The expulsion of the Acadians from the British Colony of Nova Scotia by Governor Charles Lawrence is one of the best-known cases of forced displacement of European colonists in North America.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Expulsion of the Acadians specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Acadians originated from French and they moved and settled at the North American Northeastern region called Acadia. This area was taken over by the British in 1713 and it was renamed Nova Scotia.1 However, the majority of inhabitants in the area remained Acadians. The British allowed the Acadians to retain their land and continue to practice their culture. In 1955, the British decided to expel the Acadians for a number of reasons. The expulsion of the Acadia is the first major episode of state-sponsored ethnic cleansing in North American history. The necessity of the expulsion of the Acadians has been deba ted by historians for a number of centuries. While some argue that the expulsion was unnecessary, some declare that it was necessary for the integrity of the British administration in the region. This paper will argue that Governor Lawrence who issued the command for the expulsion of the Acadians had sufficient reason and justification to engage in this act. The Acadians in North America The Acadians were the French colonists who immigrated to northeastern North America and settled in the region. French immigration into the region started in earnest during the mid 17th century. French settlers moved to the colony and established the Acadian colony. By the 18th century, the population of the Acadians had exploded and their number was approximated 15,000. However, rivalries among European powers led to conflicts in the region. France and Britain were significant rival powers in North America.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The colony of Acadia was constantly being moved from Britain to French control depending on which country was exerting dominance in the region. In 1713, The British gained control over Acadia following their victory in the Spanish Succession War. In an attempt to establish lasting peace, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713.2 This treaty sought to end the war by allocating specific regions to the European powers. The region of Acadia was awarded to the British Empire who began to administer the area. The British had shown great consideration to the Acadians even after they had gained control over the territory in 1713. Following the victory of the Britons, the French Acadians were allowed to retain their land and property.3 They were also given the freedom to engage in activities just as they had in the past and Britain did not impose her religious preferences on Acadia. However, the situation for the Acadians changed over the 1740s. During this period, the French and British renewed their war efforts against each other.4 The British began to demand for Acadian support in the conflict. The Britons had asked the Acadians to declare their unequivocal allegiance to Britain. Acadians were to recognize themselves as unconditional subjects of the British Crown. However, the Acadian delegates asserted that they wished to remain neutral in the event of a war between Britain and their motherland, France.5Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Expulsion of the Acadians specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In response to this, a command was issued by Governor Lawrence for the Acadians to be expelled and dispersed to other colonies all over the New World. Reasons for Expelling the Acadians The expulsion of the Acadians was justified since Britain needed strong allies in the event of a war. Before the expulsion, the British military had suffered from a major defeat in the North American war in the Ohio country. At the battlegrounds near Fort Duquesne, the British army had suffered a catastrophic defeat and casualty rates were approaching 40%.6 With such realities, Governor Lawrence needed strong assurance that the Acadians would be on his side in the likely outbreak of war. The Acadians were not willing to take an oath of loyalty to the British and this brought to question their allegiance. As the Governor of Nova Scotia, Lawrence had the right to take up action to ensure that British territory was protected. The Acadians were living under British jurisdiction and it was prudent for the governor to ensure that his subjects were loyal to him. Through their delegates, the Acadians had refused to take the unqualified oath and swear allegiance to the British crown. Governor Lawrence could not be assured that these people would not act as spies in the British governed land. In spite of their alleged neutrality, some Acadians were in volved in military activity against the British. Specifically, British officials had alleged that the Acadians were giving provisions to the French and Indian raiders.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This support from the Acadians made it possible for the raiders to engage in increasingly aggressive attacks against British targets deep in Nova Scotia. British officials confronted Acadian leaders accusing them of colluding with their enemies. When confronted with these accusations, the Acadians claimed that they had only given up provisions under duress imposed by the French soldiers and the fierce Mikmaq warriors. While it is conceivable that the Acadians had been forced to offer help against their will, the fact that they facilitated attacks against the British made them a liability to the British. Governor Lawrence therefore had enough reason to expel them and ensure that the invading enemies would not have any local support. By the time, Britain was demanding for a â€Å"declaration of unequivocal allegiance to British interests† from the Acadians, the war with France had begun. An imperial war was going on between France and Britain with both powers trying to control North America. In their quest for supremacy in North America, both Britain and France wanted to possess greater territory through military conquest.7 Nova Scotia was one of the regions anticipating war and it could be expected that the French would try taking the province of Britain through military means. Taylor bleakly observes that various European colonizers butchered and dispossessed one another in violent competition for prime settlements.8 It was therefore prudent for Governor Lawrence to ensure that there were no enemy sympathizers within his territory. The expulsion of the Acadians was seen as a military necessity by Governor Lawrence. By 1755, Nova Scotia was expecting attacks and it was necessary for the province to fortify itself. The Acadians presented a military risk since they had refused to take a loyalty oath to the Britons. Governor Lawrence therefore needed to take all the precautionary measures necessary to ensure national self-preservation. Expelling the Acadian s was a necessary act since these people presented an internal threat to Nova Scotia. Douglas and Jones assert that Lawrence acted like the commander of a fort expecting a siege who takes all the necessary precautions to ensure that his Fort is prepared to counter any siege attempts from the enemy.9 The Acadians had a deep relationship with the native Mikmaq Indians who were a constant trouble to the British. Taylor reveals that when the French first established trading posts along the Atlantic Ocean, they engaged in trade with the Mikmaq Indians. This thriving trade relationship led to the establishment of a small settlement of French peasants beginning in 1636. This French settlement was facilitated by the Indians who assisted the French and transformed the peasants into a new people called the Acadians.10 Frequent intermarriages between the French and the Mikmaq strengthened the bond between these two groups. The harmonious coexistence between the two groups richly benefited the Acadians who were able to prosper and expand their territory. The relationship between the British and the Mikmaq was not as cordial. The Britain had encroached into Indian Territory and they engaged in violent reprisal of these natives. In retaliation, the Indians carried out raids on the British colonies in America. The Mikmaq had also acted in collaboration with the French to fight the British. Governor Lawrence cited the Acadian French friendliness with the local Indians as one of the reasons for the expulsion.11 The Acadians were trying to establish independence from any form or outside authority. Governing the Acadians was therefore a hard task for the colonial authorities. While originally under French control, the Acadians started to demonstrate their independence once they started to prosper in the colony. The Acadians were notoriously independent of any authority that demanded any inconvenience.12 They defied French officials and traded their crops with New England merchan ts even though the French Authorities had restricted them from doing this. The Acadians rarely paid tax or tithe and they refused to obey their superiors. The Acadians did not change their attitude towards authority even when the British took control of Nova Scotia from the France and began to rule the region. The British needed to have a significant fighting force in the event of an attack from the French. In addition to the standing army, the British relied on the colonies to serve in the provincial militia in the event of a war. The Acadians had made it clear that they would not join either the British or the French in battle.13 However, they were occupying British territory and benefiting from British protection. The British wanted to replace the French Acadians with English settlers who could be relied upon to protect the crown.14 Governor Lawrence therefore had good reason to expel the Acadians and free up the land for British settlers. These new settlers could be relied upon to serve in the provincial militia against the French and the Indians. Arguments against the Expulsion Opponents of the expulsion of the Acadians claim that Governor Lawrence had no real reason for his action. They highlight that the Acadians had remained in the territory for decades without ever allying themselves to the French. In response to the doubts about Acadian loyalty presented by the British, the Acadians through their delegates claimed, â€Å"you will see, that, very far from violating the oath we have taken, we have maintained it in its entirety, in spite of the solicitations and the dreadful threats of another power†.15 This suggests that they were willing to sever ties with the French and live independently. The Acadians wished to be considered neutral people who would not fight against the Britons. As proof of their loyalty, the Acadians declared that they had never fought for France between 1713 and 1755.16 Instead, they had remained neutral even as their home country had battled out with the Britain in North America. While this might be the case, the Acadians held some attachment to their French origins. It should be noted that the Acadians refused to swear an oath of allegiance to Britain since they did not wish to take up arms against the French, whom they considered their kin. Governor Lawrence was therefore justified in expelling the Acadians since their allegiance to the French could not be completely ruled out. The Acadians had demonstrated a willingness to remain in British territory even when the French attempted to entice them to move to French controlled regions. Once the region of Acadia had been awarded to the British Empire, the French administration tried to remove the Acadians from the region. French officials wanted the Acadians to settle at the new fortified settlement at Louisbourg. The French attempted to force the Acadians to relocate into French territory by adopting a policy of destruction and intimidation.17 Howev er, the Acadians preferred the peace and comforts of their well-established farms on British territory. It is therefore likely that the Acadians would not side with the French in the case of an attack against the British. However, Governor Lawrence would be taking a risk since there was no guarantee of Acadian loyalty. Governor Lawrence already suspected the Acadians of treachery following the attack on Fort Beausejour where 200 Acadians were captured fighting alongside the French. Expelling the Acadians was the only sure way of ensuring that these people did not turn against the Britons. Discussion Some popular writings on the event have cast Governor Lawrence and the British as villains. In such texts, the British are portrayed as cruel people who engage in the great crime of dispossessing thousands of the peaceful Acadians just because of their French origins and Catholic culture. Historians record that the expulsion of the Acadians effectively destroyed Acadian society. In a mat ter of days, the Acadian community, which had established itself in Nova Scotia for over a century, was broken up and families were dispersed. The Acadians are absolved of any responsibility they might have had for their deportation. It is true that the displacement of the Acadians led to great losses as their way of life was destroyed. However, the British did this in order to protect their national self-interests. The Acadians were given a chance by Governor Lawrence to save themselves. The refusal by the Acadians to take the oath proved that they could never become loyal subjects to the crown. After that, the Governor had no choice but to displace the Acadians. Conclusion This paper set out to demonstrate that Governor Lawrence had sufficient reason to expel the Acadians in 1755. It began by documenting the historical events surrounding this great expulsion. The paper has articulated that Governor Lawrence’s’ expulsion order was prompted by the failure to make the A cadians into completely trustworthy subjects of the British Crown. From this paper, it is clear that the Acadians were to blame for refusing to take the loyalty oath that would have proved to the British that they were not hostiles. The paper has taken care to highlight the cruel nature of the expulsion. It has noted that the expulsion led to great losses by the Acadians who were uprooted from their homes. However, this action was necessary from a military point of view. Governor Lawrence’s actions served as a final solution of the Acadian problem that had long faced the British in Nova Scotia. Bibliography Acadian Delegates. Letter from Acadians in Minas and Pisiquid to Governor Lawrence, read into the Minutes of the Nova Scotia Council, 3 July 1755. Quebec: Public Documents, 1755. Douglas, Francis and Jones Richard. Journeys: A History of Canada. Quebec: Cengage Learning, 2009. French, Laurence. Legislating Indian Country: Significant Milestones in Transforming Tribalism. N Y: Peter Lang, 2007. Minutes of the Albany Commissioners of Indian Affairs (MACIA). An Abridgment of the Indian Affairs Contained in Four Folio Volumes, Transacted in the Colony of New York, from the Year 1723–1748. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada, 1820. Parmenter, Jon and Power Mark. â€Å"The Perils and Possibilities of Wartime Neutrality on the Edges of Empire: Iroquois and Acadians between the French and British in North America, 1744–1760.† Diplomatic History 31, no.2 (2007): 167-206 Poliandri, Simone. First Nations, Identity, and Reserve Life: The Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2011. Rothbard, Murray. Conceived in Liberty, Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1975. Taylor, Alan. â€Å"Cleansings†. New Republic 232, no. 20 (2005): 29-33. Thorner, Thomas. A Few Acres of Snow: Documents in Pre-Confederation Canadian History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009. Wentworth, Benning. Letters from Benning W entworth to the Duke of Newcastle, 10 June 1744. London: Public Record Office, 1744. Footnotes 1 Thomas Thorner, A Few Acres of Snow: Documents in Pre-Confederation Canadian History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009), 41. 2 Simone Poliandri, First Nations, Identity, and Reserve Life: The Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia (Nebraska: U of Nebraska Press, 2011), 200. 3 Thomas, 41. 4 Benning Wentworth, Letters from Benning Wentworth to the Duke of Newcastle, 10 June 1744 (London: Great Britain, Public Record Office, 1744), 35. 5 Minutes of the Albany Commissioners of Indian Affairs (MACIA), An Abridgment of the Indian Affairs Contained in Four Folio Volumes, Transacted in the Colony of New York, from the Year 1723–1748 (Ottawa: National Archives of Canada, 1820) 23. 6 Francis Douglas and Richard Jones, Journeys: A History of Canada (Quebec: Cengage Learning, 2009), 67. 7 Jon Parmenter and Mark Power, â€Å"The Perils and Possibilities of Wartime Neutrality on the Edges of Empire: Iroquois and Acadians between the French and British in North America, 1744–1760,† Diplomatic History 31, no.2 (2007): 171, 8 Alan Taylor, â€Å"Cleansings,† New Republic 232, no. 20 (2005): 30. 9 Francis and Richard, 67. 10 Alan, 30. 11 Laurence French, Legislating Indian Country: Significant Milestones in Transforming Tribalism (NY: Peter Lang, 2007), 20. 12 Alan, 31. 13 MACIA, 23. 14 Laurence, 19. 15 Acadian Delegates, Letter from Acadians in Minas and Pisiquid to Governor Lawrence, read into the Minutes of the Nova Scotia Council, 3 July 1755 (Quebec: Public Documents, 1755), 247. 16 Francis and Richard, 67. 17 Parmenter, Jon and Power 198 This research paper on The Expulsion of the Acadians was written and submitted by user Bridget Warren to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

18 Interesting and Inspirational Quotes About Editing and Proofreading

18 Interesting and Inspirational Quotes About Editing and Proofreading If you think the business of writing is difficult- try editing. In fact, both writers and editors alike have a lot to say about the often-frustrating process of whittling words and emotions down to only the best. Heres our list of 18 quotes about editing that keep it real.So the writer who breeds more words than he needs, is making a chore for the reader who reads.Dr. SeussKill your darlings, kill your darlings, even when it breaks your egocentric little scribblers heart, kill your darlings.Stephen King, On Writing: A Memoir of the CraftTo me, the single biggest mark of the amateur writer is a sense of hurry.Hurry to finish a manuscript, hurry to edit it, hurry to publish it. Its definitely possible to write a book in a month, leave it unedited, and watch it go off into the world and be declared a masterpiece. It happens every fifty years or so.For the rest of us, the single greatest ally we have is time. Theres no page of prose in existence that its author cant improve after its bee n in a drawer for a week. The same is true on the macro level – every time I finish a story or a book, I try to put it away and forget it for as long as I can. When I return, its problems are often so obvious and easy to fix that Im amazed I ever struggled with them.Amateur writers are usually desperate to be published, as soon as possible. And I understand that feeling – you just want it to start, your career, your next book, whatever. But I wonder how many self-published novels might have had a chance at getting bought, and finding more readers, if their authors had a bit more patience with them?Charles FinchWriting without revising is the literary equivalent of waltzing gaily out of the house in your underwear.Patricia FullerWhile writing is like a joyful release, editing is a prison where the bars are my former intentions and the abusive warden my own neuroticism.Tiffany MadisonEditors can be stupid at times. They just ignore that authors intention. I always try to read unabridged editions, so much is lost with cut versions of classic literature, even movies dont make sense when they are edited too much. I love the longueurs of a book even if they seem pointless because you can get a peek into the authors mind, a glimpse of their creative soul. I mean, how would people like it if editors came along and said to an artist, Whoops, you left just a tad too much space around that lily pad there, lets crop that a bit, shall we?. Monet would be ripping his hair out.We never end up with the book we began writing. Characters twist it and turn it until they get the life that is perfect for them. A good writer wont waste their time arguing with the characters they create...It is almost always a waste of time and people tend to stare when you do!C.K. WebbWhen an editor works with an author, she cannot help seeing into the medicine cabinet of his soul. All the terrible emotions, the desire for vindications, the paranoia, and the projection are bottled in there, along with all the excesses of envy, desire for revenge, all the hypochondriacal responses, rituals, defenses, and the twin obsessions with sex and money. In other words, the stuff of great books.Betsy Lerner, The Forest for the TreesA good editor doesnt rewrite words, she rewires synapses.S. Kelley HarrellThis leads me to the Higher Editing. Take of well-ground Indian Ink as much as suffices and a camel-hair brush proportionate to the inter-spaces of your lines. In an auspicious hour, read your final draft and consider faithfully every paragraph, sentence and word, blacking out where requisite. Let it lie by to drain as long as possible. At the end of that time, re-read and you should find that it will bear a second shortening. Finally, read it aloud alone and at leisure. Maybe a shade more brushwork will then indicate or impose itself. If not, praise Allah and let it go, and when thou hast done, repent not. The shorter the tale, the longer the brushwork and, normally, the s horter the lie-by, and vice versa. The longer the tale, the less brush but the longer lie-by. I have had tales by me for three or five years which shortened themselves almost yearly. The magic lies in the Brush and the Ink. For the Pen, when it is writing, can only scratch; and bottled ink is not to compare with the ground Chinese stick. Experto crede.Rudyard Kipling, Something of MyselfThe first draft is black and white. Editing gives the story color.Emma HillWriting is not like painting where you add. It is not what you put on the canvas that the reader sees. Writing is more like a sculpture where you remove, you eliminate in order to make the work visible. Even those pages you remove somehow remain. There is a difference between a book of two hundred pages which is the result of an original eight hundred pages. The six hundred pages are there. Only you dont see them.Elie WieselWhen you write a story, you are telling yourself the story. When you rewrite, your main job is taking ou t all the things that are NOT the story...Your stuff starts out being just for you...but then it goes out. Once you know what the story is and get it right, as right as you can...it belongs to anyone who wants to read it, or criticise it.Stephen King, On Writing: A Memoir of the CraftAn editor doesnt just read, he reads well, and reading well is a creative, powerful act. The ancients knew this and it frightened them. Mesopotamian society, for instance, did not want great reading from its scribes, only great writing. Scribes had to submit to a curious ruse: they had to downplay their reading skills lest they antagonize their employer. The Attic poet Menander wrote: those who can read see twice as well. Ancient autocrats did not want their subjects to see that well. Order relied on obedience, not knowledge and reflection. So even though he was paid to read as much as write messages, the scribes title cautiously referred to writing alone (scribere = to write); and the symbol for Nisaba , the Mesopotamian goddess of scribes, was not a tablet but a stylus. In his excellent book A History of Reading, Alberto Manguel writes, It was safer for a scribe to be seen not as one who interpreted information, but who merely recorded it for the public good.In their fear of readers, ancients understood something we have forgotten about the magnitude of readership. Reading breeds the power of an independent mind. When we read well, we are thinking hard for ourselves- this is the essence of freedom. It is also the essence of editing. Editors are scribes liberated to not simply record and disseminate information, but think hard about it, interpret, and ultimately, influence it.Susan Bell, The Artful Edit: On the Practice of Editing YourselfEditing fiction is like using your fingers to untangle the hair of someone you love.Stephanie RobertsLet the reader find that he cannot afford to omit any line of your writing because you have omitted every word that he can spare.Ralph Waldo Emer sonDont cross out. (That is editing as you write. Even if you write something you didnt mean to write, leave it.) Dont worry about spelling, punctuation, grammar. (Dont even care about staying within the margins and lines on the page.) Lose control. Dont think. Dont get logical. Go for the jugular. (If something comes up in your writing that is scary or naked, dive right into it. It probably has lots of energy.)Natalie Goldberg, Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer WithinLearn to enjoy this tidying process. I dont like to write; I like to have written. But I love to rewrite. I especially like to cut: to press the DELETE key and see an unnecessary word or phrase or sentence vanish into the electricity. I like to replace a humdrum word with one that has more precision or color. I like to strengthen the transition between one sentence and another. I like to rephrase a drab sentence to give it a more pleasing rhythm or a more graceful musical line. With every small refinement I fe el that Im coming nearer to where I would like to arrive, and when I finally get there I know it was the rewriting, not the writing, that won the game.William Zinsser, On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing NonfictionIve reached that final moment of editing a book- the one where the text manifests as a living breathing person and starts slugging me in the face.Richard Due

Sexual and Reproductive health needs of Sex workers in Tanzania The WritePass Journal

Sexual and Reproductive health needs of Sex workers in Tanzania 1. INTRODUCTION Sexual and Reproductive health needs of Sex workers in Tanzania 1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Sexual and Reproductive Health needs of sex workersAssessment of Unmet Needs.2. ASSESSMENT OF NEEDS2.1 STI Screening2.2 CONDOMSUse of Contraceptive Proposed programme components:BIBLIOGRAPHYReferencesRelated 1. INTRODUCTION Around the world sex workers are defined as â€Å"female, male and transgender adults and young people who receive money or goods in exchange for sexual services, either regularly or occasionally, and who may or may not consciously define those activities as income-generating.The term sex worker has gained popularity over prostitute because those involved feel that it is less stigmatizing and say that the reference to work better describes their experience. According to UNAIDS,(2005) a sex worker is person who provides sex for money or goods and this may be occasionally or on regular basis. The groups involve female male adolescences and transgender adult, but they don’t exactly consider this act as earning money. It estimated about 1995, 333 million cases of curable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) occurred in the world, 65 millions of which were from Sub-Sahara Africa alone. WHO, (2007) In Tanzania sex work is illegal under Tanzanian law. However, sex work is practiced openly in many areas across the country Due to lack of money Many women and children engage into this business due poverty which is caused by lack money Sex work in Tanzania including child trafficking is a major problem, especially in Zanzibar and Pemba child sex tourism is largely operated, and majority of them are infected by STI. Many of the children got involved into this sex work due to various problems for example after becoming orphans after their parents died from HIV/AIDS. ILO, (2001) Majority of women and youths are the most affected groups due to being unstable economically, socially and cultural. Therefore, it is evidence that lack of money is one of the country determinants. Sex workers are categorized as a mobile population (sex workers) which is at high-risk due to their vulnerability to infectious diseases due to the nature of the work like plasticising sex without use of condom. NACP,(2007). get tempted easier to exchange sex for money which put them into risk including their partners to acquire sexual transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. More than 50% of the Tanzanians live below the poverty margin which forces them into sex exploitation.Sex workers usually has low access to health services including screening and treatment of HIV and AIDS. NACP, (2007). Ford .N. et al, (1999), revealed that in sex worker industry there are different groups involved in this practice men who sell sex to other men and gender issue is not a problem to them. This report is mainly going to look on Sexual and Reproductive Health needs of female sex workers. There are two types of sex workers direct sex worker and indirect sex worker. Direct Sex Worker is a person, male or female, selling sex as an occupation or main source of income. Direct Sex Workers may be either street based or based in a brothel or other fixed location, whereby an Indirect Sex Worker is a person, male or female, working in the entertainment business, such as in bars, karaoke canters, beauty salons or massage parlours, who to increase their income also sell sex. It should be noted that not everyone working in these places sells sex. 1.1 Sexual and Reproductive Health needs of sex workers Around the world sex workers are regarded as higher vulnerable groups with high prevalence (United Nations, 2003). In order to minimize the prevalence of STI, several steps measures needs to be enforced into this groups. Education on sexuality-It includes comprehensive sexual education programs including community based health programs Screening and Treatment of STIs-It involves the screening and treatment   of  Ã‚  Ã‚   STI for sex workers and community at high risk for various diseases like gonorrhoea Chlamydia including HIV/AIDS and   HIP .Screening and treatment has being identified as the effective way for sexual and reproductive needs for female commercial sex workers in Tanzania . Steen, (2002.2003) in his study revealed that both presumptive for sex workers and community based STI treatment for whole communities at high risk, can reduce the risk of HIV transmission.   Family Planning Services–Ongoing and availability of Contraceptive and counselling services are vital to these groups. Moreover, types and how to comply with the pills is very essential as this will help to minimize the unwanted and unsafe abortions. Delivery Services –It includes ANC and Delivery services -This type of service is essential for Sex workers due high number of pregnancies caused by unsafe sex. (Guttmacher Institute 1998). Condom Use Services (programs). Availability of Condoms and their utilization among female sex workers in Tanzania is vital as many of sex workers are forced to perform unprotective sex by violent clients and the amount of money given. Establishment of clear policy   framework for sex work It   involves development   of strategies , legislative   changes   and its   implementation Healthcare access –Fare/available access to healthcare services such   drop in centre In Tanzania there are several  Ã‚   Reproductive and Sexual health policies that aims to improve and also address the needs of women such as National   policy on HIV/AIDS National   adolescence health policy but all these policies does not contain provision of sexual Reproductive Health for Female Sex Workers .   The reproductive and sexual health policies that exist within the Tanzanian health system aims to address the needs of women include; the national reproductive health strategy, national adolescent health policy and the national policy on HIV/AIDS.   Furthermore, because sex work is illegal in Tanzania sex workers are outside the scope of national HIV/AIDS programmes. However, these policies have no provision for specialized Reproductive Health services for FSWs which is necessary to address the reproductive and sexual needs of Female sex workers. Assessment of Unmet Needs. Contraceptive services. Family planning helps to reduce the number of highly risk pregnancies that results in high level of maternal illness and death (Health Policy 2009). In every country, sex workers face many of the same dangers and rights problems. Despite legal restriction and the medical risks associated with clandestine procedure, Tanzanian women obtain abortion from a wide range of providers, including doctors at private clinics, organisation when vacuum aspiration is not available. Women in rural areas have less much access to treatment for abortion complications than do women in urban settings. Private sector facilities handle more than half of post abortion care cases despite the fact that they charge patients about three times more than public facilities do. In East Africa in 2003, almost one in five maternal deaths were due to unsafe abortion .Even more common are long term health problem social stigma and infertility. Abortions performed by a skilled person are much more expensive than riskier procedure performed by unskilled provider’s .Therefore it is likely In Tanzania the need for safe abortion is very important issue especially among FSWs as some of them due the lack of the clear abortion service .From my own experience   when FSWs they get pregnant   they end up killing their born infants and wrap them in a bin liner or any plastics bags and throw them along the road  Ã‚   . 2. ASSESSMENT OF NEEDS 2.1 STI Screening The sexual and reproductive health needs of sex workers have been neglected both in research and public health interventions, like Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which have almost exclusively focused on STI/HIV prevention. Chacham et al, (2007), revealed that the reasons among this issue are due to the condemnation, stigma and ambiguous legal status of sex work Majority of Female Commercial Sex Workers (FCSW) often have high rate of STIs due to unprotective sex activities and access to effective STI treatment. Frequent unprotective sexual exposure put sex workers, their clients and other partners all at high risk of acquiring HIV/STIs Steen, (2003). Reducing the prevalence of Sexual Transmitted infection (STIs) would greatly reduce the risk of transmission of HIV. 2.2 CONDOMS According to (UNAIDS 2000), It is very essential to involve sex workers in policy and programme development and implementation as part of the overall empowerment –building process and for greater programme effectiveness. Many 100% condom use programs are focused on the experience of Thailand. In the 1990s, Thailand conducted a massive programme on control of HIV which showed a significant drop on visits to commercial sex workers by half, utilization of condom Increased, the prevalence of STDs fell dramatically, and achieved substantial reductions in new HIV infections. Avert (2007). Similar programs were implemented successful in Cambodia, Laos, Mongolia and Philippines whereby, in most of these programs local or national authorities, including police, were required to use condoms in every sex act. Use of Contraceptive A study conducted by Delvaux, (2003) found that huge number of female sex workers had limited knowledge of how to use contraceptive pills, condoms and syringes for those who are IV drug users. In Tanzania the use of contraceptive pills among majority of sex workers was very limited which increased the percentage of safe abortion due to poor awareness. Globally condom use alone is considered problematic by family planning promotion due to fear of birth rate increase or abortion and this happens during the first year of condom use when more accidents are likely to happen (Berer, 1997) . Another problem is the wide spread provision of non-barrier contraceptive for sex workers might lead to reduction in their use of condom (Delvaux, 2003). Another problem is the wide spread provision of non-barrier contraceptive for sex workers might lead to reduction in their use of condom (Delvaux, 2003). Healthcare access – Some of the sex workers in Tanzania fear to use Public healthcare facilities due to discrimination and stigma from healthcare workers, other service users, lack of money and insurance due to poverty. Many sex workers in East Africa lack access to the insurance system because of their profession. Some are trafficked women from rural area who do not have identification or permanent residence documents they need to get health care. Landipo, (2005) revealed that high attendace to private health facilities like Pharmacies and medical stores; to purchase contraceptive pills contributes to low attendance to public facilities, which can results to poor compliance of the contraceptive pill among sex workers Recommendations Based on findings above, the following recommendations are being made to the national centre for HIV/AIDS and STIs: Proposed programme components: Sensitise policy makers to enact laws which lead to tolerance of FSWs. This will be a cornerstone to destigmatisation and allow these women to enjoy a greater degree of human rights. It will also allow the government to set aside specific funding and to solicit ate further input from the donor community. Mobilization of FSWs for a systematic STD/HIV/AIDS prevention course that includes participatory education, prevention, and positive living when infected and peer counselling. The condoms should be free or at a price the FSWs can afford. Proper use of condom is crucial in the absence of a vaccine or cure. It is also important for FSWs to know where to get condoms for example. Clinics, chemists and peer educators also storage and disposal methods should be covered in education. Although condom is the prevention method of choice, it is not 100% efficient due to breakage or slipping, meaning that some FSWs will still get infected. Therefore prompt and proper management of STDs which includes counselling, condom use, contact tracing and compliance is vital for prevention of HIV transmission. Proper use contraceptive pills needed in order to meet compliance and its irrational use. The FSWs should be trained and offered opportunities for alternative income generating activities. This is because according to the writer’s experience, well over 90% of women in Africa are in commercial sex due to poverty and lack of an alternative. The low economic status also interferes with condom negotiation and therefore should be addressed. BIBLIOGRAPHY UNAIDS Guidance Notes on HIV and Sex Work, 2009, p. 2. http//www.Sciencedirect.com/science bibliography UNAIDS Inter-agency Task Team on Young People (2006) Section 2. (reference above) bibliography Department of Reproductive Health and Research (2004) Part 2 (reference above) bibliography Sexual and Reproductive Health needs of sex Workers: Two feminist Projects in Brazil. Bibliography References Laga M., Alory M., Anzala N., Monoko A.T., Behets F., Goeman J., St.Louis World Health Organisation (2010).â€Å"Health systems policies and service delivery†. [online]. [Accessed 20 January 2011]. Available from: who.int/countries/nga/areas/health_systems/en/index.html M., Piot P.: Condom Promotion, Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment and Declining Incidence of HIV1 Infection in Female Zairian Sex Workers. Lancet 1994; 334:246-48. Ngugi E.N., Staugard F., Gallachi A., Njoroge M., Waweru A.L Social Economic Empowers Commercial Sex Workers to Reduce Reported Attack Rate of STDs. Xth International Conference on AIDS and STD in Africa, Abidjan, December 1997. (C. 290). DITTMORE, M. 2008. Punishing Sex Workers Wont Curb HIV/AIDS, Says Ban-Ki Moon. 24 June. RH reality check. [online]. [Accessed 18 January 2011]. Available from: rhrealitycheck.org/blog/2008/06/23/sex-workers-grateful-banki-moon World Health Organisation (2010).â€Å"Health systems policies and service delivery†. [online]. [Accessed 15 feburary 2010]. Available from: who.int/countries/nga/areas/health_systems/en/index.html Chacham AS, Diniz SG, Maia MB, Galati AF, Mirim LA, 2007.Reproductive Health MATTERS [Online].15(29), [Accessed 30 January 2011), pp106-119 The Open Tropical Medicine Journal, 2 2009 [online]. [Accessed 07 Feb. 11], pp 27-38 Stadler J, Delaney S. The healthy brothel: The context of clinical services for sex workers in Hill brow, South Africa. Cult Health Sex 2006; 8(5): 451-63. Ford N, Koetsawang S. The socio-cultural context of the transmission of HIV in Thailand. Soc Sci Med 1991; 33(4): 405-14.Wojcicki J, Malala J. Condom use, power and HIV/AIDS risk: sex workers bargain for survival in Hillbrow/Joubert/Brea, Johannesburg.Soc Sci Med 2001; 53: 99-121. Pisani E et al (2003) back to basics in HIV prevention: focus of exposure. British Medical Journal, 326, 1384-7 GEETANJALI.G, 2002.Unmet needs: Reproductive Health Needs, Sex Work and Sex Workers .Social Scientist.30 (5/6) pp.79-102

US Immigration History Reading Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

US Immigration History Reading Journal - Essay Example Adams (242) criticizes the exploitation by immigrant parents of their children’s earnings, and extols the role of public schools as Americanizing agencies: school-going daughters educate their immigrant mothers. The third sociologist (244) depicts the patriarchal immigrant family, in which arranged marriages are the norm, and children automatically assume responsibility for their parents. The the three Italian-American males (246), regret the undermining of traditional parental authority and the American-like freedom granted to immigrant women. The accounts of Swedish-Americans (248) demonstrate the economic and personal freedom gained by immigrant women in the USA. The Mexican ballads (249) echo the earlier Italian chauvinistic protest against liberalization of female behavior. The narrative of a Chinese prostitute (250) shows that, in some cases, female exploitation by ethnic groups continues even after immigration. Diner’s essay (252) depicts how low marital rates, late marriages, desertion by husbands and prevalent domestic violence, combined with Irish women’s long stint in the labor force, effectively raises women’s authority and status within the family order. Finally, Ruiz’s (262) essay uses oral testimony from Chicano women to show the tension between expected adherence to traditional culture and the attraction of the American way of life. World War 11 brings new employment opportunities and hastens the Americanization of Chicano immigrants. By the judicious choice and mix of primary sources, the author has succeeded in giving a very vivid picture of the life of women in traditional immigrant families and the changes brought about by contact with American society. It is evident that it is the women who served as the most active agents of change and accelerated the assimilation of immigrants into American

My personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My personal statement - Essay Example With a strong academic background in computer science and economics, it is my belief that thorough training in finance and business from NAME OF SCHOOL HERE will provide the necessary theoretical foundations for me to move forward in my career. Given the current level of demand for specialists in financial/quantitative modeling in Africa and across the world, in addition to the emerging sector of electronic financial instruments and tools, I have a strong interest in positioning my career to participate in these sectors as they emerge in the developing world. My personal strengths, coupled with an entrepreneurial spirit and affinity for business development, have prompted me to submit my application to the Masters in Finance & Investment program. The successful attainment of a Masters in Finance & Investment at this stage of my career will give me both the financial knowledge and the entrepreneurial skills necessary to enhance my management effectiveness. It will provide me with the analytical tools and new skills necessary to position myself as an important player in facilitating electronic equity trades in Africa. I believe that my broad academic background and my knowledge of financial markets and business practices in a developing context make a most valuable and stimulating addition to classroom discussions. A 750 GMAT score reflects my ability for clear and systematic thought and would erase any doubts about my ability to handle the intellectual rigor of the program. Given the confluence of my personal and professional interests, I foresee my career moving initially from serving clients in a financial advisory capacity to a leadership role within a financial entity, preferably within start-up venture. Thus, in the five-year period after I successfully complete London Business School, I figure one of two things will be happening. Either I would have found some inspiring colleagues; conceived of a plan with them, and be preparing to launch a company, or I will find a company prepared to do partake adventurous opportunities in my field and I will be ready to take the helm of their projects or organization. Additionally, I am also drawn to the Masters in Finance & Investment program instead of a more general Masters degree because of the fact that this program provides an extensive choice of electives in the field of finance, which will allow me to tailor my course of study directly to a personal career interest. While I cannot imagine doing anything else, I am also realistic and understand that there are challenges that come with taking an employment break as well as getting the consent of my partner and family members to study abroad. To overcome this challenge, I have discussed my ambition with mentor and superior, who has been quite supportive of my goals. My partner and family members are also extremely excited about the fact that I am internationalising my career. I thoroughly believe that NAME OF SCHOOL HERE will help me by placing renewed emphasis on the technical and analytical skills I need, in addition to a management orientation, coupled with rigorous research methodology. The strengths of this University in finance and investment cohere with my personal research interests and I hope to gain a great deal from my experiences here. A reputation for excellent teaching, challenging

Outline for arts speech - story of Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Outline for arts speech story of Hamlet Essay IB TOK R3 1. Story of Hamlet A. Hamlet son of late king Claudius, mother remarried less than 2 months after her husbands death. B. Ghost of late king visits Hamlet and tells him that the new king murdered him. C. Hamlet lashes out at everyone around him, including his love Ophelia. D. Hamlet plots to kill king E. Hamlet stages a play called The Mousetrap, in which a king is murdered by his brother, who then takes up with his wife, Claudius freaked out and Hamlet Claudius is guilty. F. Hamlet visited his mother and derides her for taking up such man. G. Polonius, Ophelias father, hid himself in Gertrudes, Hamlets mother, room behind a curtain. When he calls out for help, Hamlet kills him thinking that it is the king. See more: outline format for essay H. Because of the murder, Hamlet is sent to England and when he returns to Elsinore, he sees a funeral-taking place, he finds that Ophelia has drowned. Her brother Laertes, blaming Hamlet for the death his father and sister, challenges Hamlet to a duel. I. At the duel, Laertes poisons his blade to make sure Hamlet will die. At the same time, Claudius inserts a poison pearl into a wine cup in hope that Hamlet will drink it. J. Every important character dies: Gertrude gets to the cup first, and dies. Laertes wounds Hamlet with the poison blade, Hamlet mortally wounds Laertes. Hamlet then finds out that Claudius put poison in the cup and he goes after the king and kills him. Then Hamlet lies down and dies. K. This play is often referred to as the one in which everybody dies. 2. Differences between the two A. Mel Gibson version directed by Franco Zeffirelli 1. Starts differently 2. Only 135 min. cut out huge sections. 3. High number of extra- King actually seems to have power 4. Color -can relate 5. Play-in-play with spoken words- much more importance- used by hamlet as proof. 6. Seemed to be made to retell an old story 7. Switched around to make it more entertaining 8. Said by a critic to be written for the masses a. short b. cut out dialogue- easier for common people to understand c. fun to watch B. Olivier as hamlet directed by himself 1. Starts as the play does 2. Less extras- King seems to rule no one 3. 155 min -missing huge sections 4. Play-in-play in mime less importance done to jab at the king and queen for what they have done 5. New interpretation of an old story 6. Black and White cannot relate to lack of color as well 7. Friends of Hamlet left out a. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern not in b. Allows Hamlet to be less insane 8. Better sword play- build more suspense as to who will win 9. Cinematography changes feeling Darker a. castle is dark and so is the sky, see more of the dark sky b. Humor is cut out 3. Differences in Hamlet A. Soliloquies in Olivier to self allows him to get closer to subjects, inner turmoil, in Zeffirelli it is out loud, insanity 1. Kill Claudius when praying 2. To be or not to be B. In Zeffirelli- acts much more insane- wild eyed, over the top. C. In Olivier- much more reserved, caustic when speaking. 4. Other differences in characters A. Queen Gertrude 1. In Olivier a. actress is 29 years old Olivier is 41- looks strange b. drinks the poison knowing that she will die- to save Hamlet, a noble death 2. In Zeffirelli a. Devastating and tragic death- didnt knew that the cup was poisoned, more of an impact on viewers. B. Ophelia 1. In Zeffirelli a. Completely mad, gives out bones and sticks and calls them flowers 2. Olivier a. Semi-mad, more out of it than insane C. Dead King 1. Zeffirelli a. King looks like he is alive and is just back visiting not freighting 2. Olivier a. Never see the face of the king, comes surrounded in fog b. Scary c. See the murder acted out 5. Conclusion A. Way the director influenced my perception of the story 1. Same story, many of the same lines, same characters, but different feelings emitted from both. a. Zeffirelli humorous, have fun watching it makes the ending more tragic more of a dramatic change b. Olivier is dark always fell that something terrible is going to happen end not as devastating c. Polonius: Words, words, words B. Olivier version constitutes what I believe to be a masterpiece when following Clarks definition from unit four of our book. 1. follows all of the guidelines a. The original play by Shakespeare that it is based off of fills the first 5 requirements as well as the last. b. Oliviers version creates the feeling of complete supremacy of the artists art. Whereas Zeffirellis is entertaining but not a masterpiece. c. Oliviers version won 5 Oscars, Zeffirellis, none. Show preview only

Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper -- Feminism Literature

American playwright and active feminist Clare Boothe Luce once pronounced, â€Å"Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed† (â€Å"Clare Boothe Luce Biography† n.p.). Societies primarily controlled by the male gender have been the vast majority since the origination of the first civilization. Throughout history, many women lived feeling superior to men only in a domestic setting. This domestic way of life generated considerable false judgments and stereotypes about the female gender as a whole. However, some chose to venture past what society deemed appropriate. These women often sought only for an opportunity where their voices could he heard. As Luce expressed, she and a great number of others found themselves fighting a remarkably hard battle as a result of gender inequality. Luce noticed that when a man articulated his thoughts, others listened. The perpetual request for females to simply be heard is still frequently denied today. A multi tude of women instead turned to writing books and stories in order to communicate the problems they faced. With symbolism, metaphors and other aspects of figurative language, authors, such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman, found themselves making a point without directly speaking their intention. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator represents a woman’s ability to express her beliefs and that disregarding this right only hinders the oppressive, male-dominated society. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, in The Yellow Wallpaper, tells the tale of a woman who documents the hardships she must endure living with a condition known as nervous depression. The story begins as the narrator marvels at the grandiose nature of the home she and her husband will be residing in for the summer. Her... ...re drastic compared to the nineteenth century, but we are still nowhere near having a perfect equality. I honestly feel that we will make one more step toward a solution if more people read Gilman’s story and understand the message she clearly portrays. Every individual’s voice matters regardless of gender, race, or religion, and with The Yellow Wallpaper, readers can easily see what happens when this crucial fact is ignored. Works Cited â€Å"Clare Boothe Luce Biography.† Henry Luce Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2010. . Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† College of Staten Island Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2010. . Weiten, Wayne. â€Å"Stereotype Vulnerability as an Explanation.† Psychology Themes and Variations. 6th ed. 2004. Print.

Local Taxidermy Essay

What is taxidermy? Well should I say what is stuffing? Taxidermy is really a big thing in this small world. Taxidermy has been around for a very long time, it takes many difficult steps to becoming a good taxidermist, all the different types of taxidermy, therefore it will take carefulness, time and patience for me to mount a deer head for my product. When taxidermy first came around it was used by the Indians for clothing and even used for shelter. In this research paper you will find that taxidermy is very important to the human life, because even today people still wear clothing that is made from animal skin. Taxidermy is a general term showing the many methods of reproducing a life-like three dimensional representation of an animal for permanent display. The actual skin from an animal (including the fur, feathers or scales) is took and mounted over an artificial armature. In other cases, the specimen is completely done with man made materials. Taxidermy is derived from two ancient Greek words: taxis, Meaning movement, and derma, meaning skin. Therefore translated, taxidermy means the movement of skin. Taxidermy can be done on all species of animals including humans. A brief history of Taxidermy, Thousands of years ago when man first hunted for his food, he found that the skins of his prey, when treated with certain substances, could be preserved and used for clothing and shelter. The first taxidermists were primitive hunter-gatherers who crudely formed animal skins over mud and rock for use in their hunting rituals. Over the years, as methods increased these skins improved and the need for tanned skins increased, the tanner became one of the most important members of the tribe. Without him there would be no clothing. As the demand for quality leather and skins increased, the methods became more and more sophisticated. By the 1700s almost every town had a tannery business. In the 1800s, hunters began bringing their trophies to upholstery shops, where the upholster would sew up the animal skins and stuff them with rags and cotton. That’s where the term â€Å"stuffing† or a â€Å"stuffed animal† evolved from this crude form of taxidermy. This practice produced some terrible looking mounts and gave taxidermy a bad reputation which still haunts the industry to this day. Professional taxidermists still shudder and take offense at the term stuffing, the perfered word is mounting. In the early 20th century, taxidermy began to evolve into its modern form under the leadership of great artists such as Carl E. Akeley, William T. Horneday, Coloman Jonas and Leon Pray. These and other talented pioneers developed anatomically accurate mounts which incorporated every detail right down to each muscle and tendon of the animal. In artistically pleasing poses. They invented new techniques for mounting that allowed them to portray animals with lifelike accuracy. They created mounts in realistic settings and poses that were more appropriate for the species. This was quite a change from the crude, snarling caricatures that were popularly offered as hunting trophies. To actual trophies that show exactly the realistic look of the animal. Taxidermy in the latter part of the twentieth century has developed into a full-fledged form of wildlife art, and the successful taxidermists of today must also be considered as very fine artists in their own right. There are many different methods used today for producing mounts of different species. The taxidermist today can take pride in their works as their work is just as nice as the paintings that hang on house holds. To becoming a non forgettable taxidermists it takes practice. The modern practice of taxidermy incorporates many crafts, such as carpentry, woodworking, tanning, molding and casting. It also contains artist talent, so it takes someone that will put their time into something that they won’t except till it reaches their high explatations. In a deer head mount, the only natural parts of the animal are the antlers and the skin, the teeth can be used if they are in good dental shape, but most are artificial. The other organs are shaped by the taxidermists materials. The eyes are made from glass, the eyelids are sculpted from clay, the nose and mouth are made from epoxy or wax. The form is made from polyurethane foam. To practice taxidermy one must be extremely familiar with anatomy, dissection, sculpture, and painting as well as tanning. Today most of the parts used are not even from the real parts of the animal at all. They are completely recreated from man made materials. This is for those who that believe in the catch and release. This is usually done on fish, the only thing they are required to do is take a picture and take some measurements of the fish. Then take the picture and the measurements to a local taxidermy, the taxidermy will then take the materials and sculpture a real life like mount of the fish, Some even say that if you take the artificial fish and set it beside a real one and you wont even tell the difference. But the good thing is the hunter or fisherman can feel good about what he has done because the fish that he caught is still living plus he has a trophy on his wall that reminds him of what he caught. A taxidermy will first take the trophy and freeze it until it is time to be mounted. The taxidermist the removes the skin, to be tanned and treated for later use. The remaining muscle fibers and bones are measured and posed. The carcass is then molded and plaster. The carcass is then removed and the mold is used to produce a cast of the animal called a mannequin. Mannequins can also be made by sculpting the animal first clay. There are many companies that produce stock forms in many sizes that can be used. Glass eyes are then usually added to the display, and possibly also artificial teeth, depending on the subject’s original dental condition. An increasingly popular trend is to freeze dry the animal. This can be done with reptiles, birds, and small mammals such as cats, large mice and some types of dogs. Freeze drying is expensive and time consuming. The equipment is expensive and requires much upkeep. Large specimens can be required to spend as long as six months in the freeze dryer, although is the preferred technique for pets. There are many different types of taxidermy, for instant a Rogue taxidermy is the creation of stuffed animals which do not have real, live counterparts, be of the taxidermists’s imagination, or be endangered or extinct species. They can be made from the parts of mythical animals or they may be artificially created. Rogue taxidermy is often seen in side shows and dime museums among genuine freak animals. The other type of taxidermy is known as Anthropomorphic taxidermy its where stuffed animals are dressed as people or displayed as if engaged in human activities. This style was popular in Victorian and Edwardian times but can still be found today. The style was popularized by Human Plouequet, taxidermist in Stuttgart. Germany, when he exhibited at the Great Exhibition in 1851. Just where can you see taxidermy at? Well taxidermy is everywhere they are displayed in museums, educational institutions, businesses, restaurants, and homes. Therefore to become a taxidermist you must need some experience, you can gain this experience threw schooling. From there you will learn the basics of taxidermy, like how to measure the different parts of the animal, how to be accurate at ordering the right size form for the species. You will also learn how to tan a hide and learn the steps to putting the cape on the form. This is all important because you want to make sure that the specie looks very life like. Which if you like to rush threw things and be able to finish them without the hassle of waiting then taxidermy is not for you. Taxidermy takes patience and time, it can take a taxidermist up to six months to finish a trophy. Of course a taxidermist could do it a lot faster if they didn’t care what it looks like at the end but no they want their work to look as life like as possible. Because anyone that is a hunter or fisherman knows that having something to remind them of there trophy is a memory that will always stick with them. So when they pay a very large amount of money to get their trophy done they would expect it to look life like and give them that memory of the day it was taken or caught.

Tomorrow when the war began Essay

In the novel; ‘Tomorrow when the war began’, the characters experience various changes and transformations. These changes occur when the different characters experience life threatening situations and environmental change. The characters have to adapt, think and behave differently. The changes that occur involve the themes of leadership, war and love. Throughout the novel, John Marsden shows change in Ellie. In the beginning Ellie is a carefree but hard working girl and known as a bit of a tomboy. As the war begins she realizes she needs to grow up and mature quickly. Ellie went camping with her friends in Hell and was not worried or expecting anything. This is how Ellie was carefree in the beginning. Ellie became strategic when she saw what was happening at the show grounds by delegating people to certain jobs and roles. At the show grounds Ellie says, â€Å"I felt then, and still feel now, that I was transformed by those four steps. At that moment I stopped being an innocent rural teenager and started becoming someone else, a more complicated and capable person. A force to be reckoned with†¦ not just a polite obedient kid. †This quote shows us that this was the turning point where Ellie experienced major change and started thinking rationally. She developed and showed leadership. In the novel, the characters had never faced a war situation they did not know what to do or how to react. As the novel progresses, the characters strategies change, as does their perspective on war. â€Å"A month ago we were average teenagers†¦ now we’re soldiers, we won’t run, we won’t hide, we’ll fight and keep fighting, and never give up, until this war is finally won. † This quote by Ellie shows courage, strength and maturity. Throughout the text there many important references that relate to war countries now, where homes are being invaded and teenagers and even adults have to, â€Å"start thinking like soldiers†. This quote was said by Ellie and it again shows maturity and her realising that if they ever want to see their family again, they are going to have to fight and save their town. Chris falls asleep while keeping watch and Ellie freaks out, this is an important turning point in the text, this is when the teens really realise that this is war and they must fight if they are to survive. This is how the characters perspective of war changes and how the theme of war is explored in the novel. Throughout the text John Marsden describes relationships of love, friendship and hatred. Love is shown through the relationship that exists between Homer and Fi. In the text the teenagers are playing in the water and Homer gets distracted by looking at Fi. In the beginning Homer is immature, a loud mouth, disrespectful, a troublemaker, wild, crazy and many others When Homer meets Fi and falls in love with her, John Marsden shows a change in Homer to one of thoughtfulness, maturity, bravery and he shows emotion and compassion in Homer. This is how love is shown between Homer and Fi. The text explores the theme of friendship between all of the teenagers. When they have to fight and look out for each other they form a strong bond, they are like family to each other. â€Å"At that age you think boys have as much personality as coat hangers and, you don’t notice their looks. Then you grow up. † This quote means girls may not like boys, for example; Robyn and Homer are completely different. Robyn is a very polite and religious person and Homer is a bit of a wild pig, but in the end of the text the characters change, they look out for each other like they are family. Hatred is also described in the text when group of teens are fighting against the army and Corrie gets shot. The teenagers then feel hatred towards the soldiers because one of their closest friends could die. This is how the relationships change between the characters. The novel discusses and how tough war is and how hard others would fight for each other. Throughout the text we see how towns are invaded and families are torn apart, in some countries like Afghanistan for example, things like this still happen and it needs to stop! Leadership, war and love are some major themes that are described in Tomorrow when the war began. This text tells us to be courageous and if anything like this ever happened in Australia we would need to work together to survive.

Inventions of writing Essays

Inventions of writing Essays Inventions of writing Essay Inventions of writing Essay Writing numbers for the purpose of record keeping began long before the writing of language. See History of writing ancient numbers for how the writing of numbers began. It is generally agreed that true writing of language (not only numbers) was invented independently in at least two places: Mesopotamia (specifically, ancient Sumer) around 3200 BC and Mesoamerica around 600 BC. Several Mesoamerican scripts are known, the oldest being from the Olmec or Zapotec of Mexico. Want to know the price of your unique Paper? 126 writers online Deadline Paper topic Pages 550 words(double spaced) Get a price It is debated whether writing systems were developed completely independently in Egypt around 3200 BC and in China around 1200 BC, or whether the appearance of writing in either or both places was due to cultural diffusion (i.e. the concept of representing language using writing, if not the specifics of how such a system worked, was brought by traders from an already-literate civilization). Chinese characters are probably an independent invention, because there is no evidence of contact between China and the literate civilizations of the Near East, and because of the distinct differences between the Mesopotamian and Chinese approaches to logography and phonetic representation. Egyptian script is dissimilar from Mesopotamian cuneiform, but similarities in concepts and in earliest attestation suggest that the idea of writing may have come to Egypt from Mesopotamia. In 1999, Archaeology Magazine reported that the earliest Egyptian glyphs date back to 3400 BC, which challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs, pictographic symbols representing a specific place, object, or quantity, first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia. Similar debate surrounds the Indus script of the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization in Ancient India (3200 BC). In addition, the script is still undeciphered and there is debate over whether the script is true writing at all, or instead some kind of proto-writing or non-linguistic sign system. An additional possibility is the undeciphered Rongorongo script of Easter Island. It is debated whether this is true writing, and if it is, whether it is another case of cultural diffusion of writing. The oldest example is from 1851, 139 years after their first contact with Europeans. One explanation is that the script was inspired by Spains written annexation proclamation in 1770. Various other known cases of cultural diffusion of writing exist, where the general concept of writing was transmitted from one culture to another but the specifics of the system were independently developed. Recent examples are the Cherokee syllabary, invented by Sequoyah, and the Pahawh Hmong system for writing the Hmong language.

Imagination and Noble Obsessions in Guiseppe Tornatores Fil essays

Imagination and Noble Obsessions in Guiseppe Tornatores Fil essays Imagination is the ally of Guiseppe Tornatores characters as they come of age in Cinema Paradiso and Malena. Both stories are told as flashbacks, situated in Sicily. Cinema Paradiso is the local theatre where Salvatore, whose father is presumed the have been killed in battle, escapes into. We find in the projection booth Alfredo, who learns to love Toto as his son. And indeed, the boy considers the old man his father as he makes the booth his home away from his indifferent home and the movies his mother. They teach him about people and life beyond the small town of Giancolo whose ways we become familiar with inside the theatre as they make movies their momentary redemption. The story takes place in the wake of World War II and the times hardship and poverty are shown. We come to understand in Toto that the power of the screen can compensate for a deprived life and aide the imagination not only to create dreams but to believe in them as well. But the theatre, as the whole town, lives under the reverberating bell of the Church (the theatre is actually the Church-converted, after all!). The priest censors the films with a bell that is rung at every kiss, whereupon Alfredo stops and snips the offending footage and tosses it into a pile of lifeless celluloid. Humor is evident throughout the film especially in the village-folk but is never allowed to take over entirely. The musical score maintains a nostalgic, bitter-sweet tone that outlines the films mood. But the film begins in earnest as Alfredo is blinded in a fire that destroys the cinema and it is left to Toto to take over the village projectionist when the newly built cinema is opened. His love of cinema matures as he grows up. He shoots a documentary and, inevitably, falls in love. But the dreams the movies have helped create and Alfredo urge him to leave and keep moving forward, never to return. He keeps his promise for 3...

VII Hazardous Chemicals Multiple choice and two essay questions

VII Hazardous Chemicals Multiple choice and two questions - Essay Example In case the material does not drip but remains at the immediate site of combustion, they thermally decompose and ignites spreading the fire (Meyer, 2010). When polymeric material burn, they decompose producing a considerable amount of gases and vapour. As the decomposition process continues, the gas might migrate and accumulate elsewhere especially near the ceiling. Here, they mix with atmospheric air then ignite causing the flame to spread further. Through a phenomenon called flashover, decomposition of a polymer can be caused by heat conducted, or radiated from another point. Combustible gases produced by thermal decomposition ignites and spread the fire to other room or sections. At flashover, safe exit from a room is not possible, and the living condition of a room are usually unbearable with the rooms temperatures ranging from 600 - 800-degree centigrade (Meyer, 2010). In addition, the vapour and gases produced by polymeric fire are dangerous and fatal. They include nitrogenous, sulfurous gases. A high concentration of carbon monoxide is also produced. If in an enclosed area, the level of these gases soar to a dangerous level within few minutes. The fire may affect areas far away the source. The hot gases and vapour produced can spread by convection through ventilation systems and other openings and end up affecting people elsewhere in the building. Polymeric fire produces a considerable amount of soot that when inhaled draws toxic gases into the bronchi and lungs (Meyer, 2010). Of all the three gases produced, Carbon Monoxide(CO) can be the most dangerous to the Environment, Health and Safety or the Fire Services professional responding to the scene. Once inhaled, the gas combines with the haemoglobin in the blood circulation system and converts into carboxyhemoglobin that causes an ineffective delivery of oxygen to the body tissues. At concentration levels of

Democratic Socialism and Comparative Advantage Research Paper

Democratic Socialism and Comparative Advantage - Research Paper Example Democracy focuses on the political aspect. It entails political sameness, the rights of all people to participate in the governance of which they are subject (Busky 312). Conversely, socialism highlights material fairness. It is not stern parity, but an end to the enormous discrepancies of earnings and affluence noticeable to the imbalances of rights of ways of production. Democratic socialists’ opinionated that both the economy and community should be ruled democratically to satisfy public needs and not fulfill wishes of a few (Busky 310). To acquire a more fair society, many compositions of governments and economies must be fundamentally changed through immense profitable and social equality so as the common persons can equally partake in making decisions that affect their lives. Socialism was first used in publications devoted to organizations in Great Britain. It was used to refer to a culture in which citizens’ work collectively for the benefit of everyone. Sociali sts have always believed that people are equal by natural rights and this was considered their highest value of people. Socialists hold democracy in high esteem. People in an independent socialist society have the right to express themselves and given due consideration. In a socialist society, people vote in the government. The government is formulated through legitimate, fair and free elections. However, sometimes democratic socialists are mistaken with governments that are dictatorial and authoritarian. True socialism lives in a democratic society. Democratic socialism is based on humanistic ideals with the eventual objective of allowing each person the prospect and way for their personal development and satisfaction. This is made possible in a society where self-realization turns into a reality in a supportive, non-competitive social situation. Several countries in the world employ this form of governance. They Include China, the second prevalent economy in the world after the U. S and Russia a superpower as well as Scandinavian countries and France. Other third world countries embracing the concept involve Venezuela and Bolivia. They also include Burma, Vietnam, Cuba and North Korea. For instance, preceding the Russian Revolution in the 1920s there were existences of socialist countries anywhere as well as fully grown democracies. During those times, women rights were still curtailed, and women were barred from voting. The prevailing capitalist states supervised in undemocratically customs over their colonial domains. The Russian revolution changed this equation significantly. As many people engaged in questioning the link between socialism and democracy, the existing socialism turned out to be anything but democratic. Socialism obliges an entity according to (Harrington 288), into societal collectives contrasting capitalism, which promotes individualism. People are deemed as social animals that reside in a society that has regulations to guide it. These ru les demand a lot from an individual but as well gives the individual self-government, total control of their work freedom from poverty and freedom to pursue a better life. This contrasts the capitalist American concept that promotes separation from family and community as well as subjects an individual to high stress. The supposedly free individual in the concept is instead conformist and conventional.